Production and Characterization of Liquid Smoke Derived from Agricultural Wastes: Candlenut Shell, Cocoa Pod Husk, and Rubber Seed Shell

Rindayatno Rindayatno; Kurniawan Mursalin; Irvin Dayadi

doi:10.55927/ijsmr.v3i10.672

Authors

Rindayatno Rindayatno Forestry Faculty, Mulawarman University
Kurniawan Mursalin Forestry Faculty, Mulawarman University
Irvin Dayadi Forestry Faculty, Mulawarman University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55927/ijsmr.v3i10.672

Keywords:

Liquid Smoke, Pyrolysis, Candlenut Shell, Cocoa Pod Husk, Rubber Seed Shell

Abstract

This study investigates the production and physicochemical characterization of liquid smoke derived from three types of agricultural waste: cocoa pod husks, rubber seed shells, and candlenut shells. The biomass was subjected to pyrolysis, followed by condensation and fractional distillation to obtain liquid smoke in Grades 3, 2, and 1. The yield, pH, specific gravity, and color of each grade were analyzed. The highest liquid smoke yield was observed from cocoa pod husks (15.8% for Grade 3, 7.85% for Grade 2, and 4.35% for Grade 1). Grade 1 liquid smoke exhibited the most acidic pH values (2.54–3.25), with the highest specific gravity (1.015–1.023), and a light brown appearance, indicating better purity. These findings suggest that cocoa pod husks are the most effective feedstock among those tested and support the use of agricultural residues as viable raw materials for sustainable liquid smoke production.

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